He is currently Emeritus Professor in the Department of Psychology of the University of Toronto, as well as Tanenbaum Chair in Cognitive Neuroscience at the Rotman Research Institute of the Baycrest Health Sciences Centre in Toronto and Clark Way Distinguished Visiting Professor of Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience at Washington University in St. Louis. He then received his doctorate in 1991 and his Habilitation in 1996, both in psychology and both from Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitt. The recipient of a large number of awards, grants, fellowships, consultancies, board membership appointments, invited lectureships, and honorary degrees, as well as numerous presentations, lectures, talks, and radio and television interviews directed towards popular audiences, Zimbardo is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association (APA), the American Psychological Society (APS), and the American Association for the Advancement of Science(AAAS). [6] Descartes was the first to clearly identify the mind with consciousness and self-awareness, and to distinguish this from the brain, which was the seat of intelligence. Current Directions in Psychological Science 18:217-220. All of this work is highly controversial, both inside the academy and out. Fahrenberg has co-authored some 150 journal articles with other members of the PRG, as well as editing a number of textbooks. Asch, Solomon - Conformity Experiment. Lev Vygotsky was a contemporary of some better-known psychologists including Piaget, Freud, Skinner, and Pavlov, yet his work never achieved the same eminence during his lifetime. He received his bachelors degree in psychology in 1949 from the University of British Columbia, and his masters degree in theoretical psychology in 1951 from the University of Iowa. On the contrary, Diener has found that many people do not bounce back from devastating life events, and never return to their previous level of subjective well-being. The problem consists both in teasing these contributions apart, and also in giving them a more specific theoretical characterization. He is currently Professor of Human Development at Cornell University. He entered the University of Birmingham Medical School in 1950, and received his qualifications to practice medicine in the UK (MRCS and LRCP) in 1955. For example, in one treatment, a group of mice may be shown a particular color whereas the other treatment may receive no such stimulation before being measured (the dependent variable). Zimbardo is the author or co-author of well over 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, as well as the author, co-author, or editor of more than 20 books. Linehan is the author or co-author of around 240 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and is the author or co-author of seven books and manuals, several of which have been translated into many foreign languages. 13. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. This view, that psychological processes have biological (or physiological) correlates, is the basic assumption of the whole field of biological psychology. Included is 4 pins within a theme. A psychobiologist or biopsychologist may compare the imprinting behavior in goslings to the early attachment behavior in human infants and construct theory around these two phenomena. Seligman is a pioneer of so-called positive psychology-the psychology, not of the many forms of neurosis and unhappiness, but of what makes people happy. Enhancing neural function is another research method in biopsychology. Mechanistically, the brain constructs such optimal predictive models by calculating the errors in a stimulus sequence as the difference at each step between the predicted signal and the signal actually received. In this work, Schrger has elucidated the sensory and neural underpinnings of the human ability to interpret extremely rapid and complex auditory information, such as speech, on the basis of the optimization of predictive modeling, which is based in turn on regularities in environmental stimuli (in other words, past experience). He has also published work on the importance of ideals and role models-especially, the ideal of heroism in everyday lifefor resisting peer pressure. He found that character traits are relatively buffered from any lasting effects of early traumatic experiences, and indeed are quite stable across the entire life cycle. Ariely, who is the founder of a number of private for-profit ventures, has become well known beyond the academic world for his best-selling popular books (see below), his TED talks, and his widely read Wall Street Journal advice column. Biological psychology as a scientific discipline emerged from a variety of scientific and philosophical traditions in the 18th and 19th centuries. Davidson is famous for espousing Buddhist traditions of mindfulness and meditation as important empirical phenomena worthy of scientific investigation, as well as important techniques for achieving inner peace and spiritual growth. Leda Cosmidess UC-Santa Barbara website. Biopsychology has been a prominent field of psychology from the start in Europe and North America and remains a major area of research and instruction in many countries. These models showed how, in species with certain types of breeding patterns, sexual selection may spin out of control-to the point of threatening the speciess very existence (runaway selection). On the other hand, we moderns hardly believe in the soul that all those writers took for granted anymore. The recipient of numerous awards, grants, fellowships, lectureships, and honorary degrees, in 2013 Gopnik was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is without a doubt best known for his theory of multiple intelligences-the highly influential idea that the sort of intelligence measured by standardized IQ tests is only one among a variety of types of intelligence deployed by human beings in their interactions with the world around them (especially the social world). [10] Although a "forgotten man" of American psychology, Dunlap also founded the journal Psychobiology. (OKeeffe went on to win the 2014 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his contribution to this research.) Lewis, all of whom areAmericans. His perceptive observations of animals resulted in his famous book on natural selection, which started an evolutionary revolution in the world of science. At that time, the idea that the memory of traumatic events might be repressed and only recalled years or even decades later under questioning by experts had taken hold of the public imagination. The problem is that we are not very good at affective forecasting, which is beset by the kind of cognitive fallacies and illusions studied by several other psychologists on this list (Dan Ariely, Daniel Kahneman). Cognitive psychology is a school of psychology that studies the mental/cognitive processes like how people think, perceive, learn, and remember (Cherry, 2011; Holah.co.uk, 2011). He received his bachelors degree in psychology summa cum laude in 1972 from Yale University (where he studied with Endel Tulving), and his Ph.D. in psychology in 1975 from Stanford University (where Gordon Bower was his advisor). Freud's psychoanalysis is both a theory and therapy. Kahneman is chiefly known for founding (together with his long-time collaborator, Amos Tversky, who died in 1996) the academic discipline now known as behavioral economics. He earned his bachelors degree in psychology in 1985 from McGill University, and his Ph.D. in cognitive psychology in 1990 from MIT. This experience lay at the root of her determination to study her own condition scientifically. Other philosophers also helped to give birth to psychology, also relating its subject matter to biology. ". Loftuss work has focused on human memory. The recipient of grants, fellowships, and other honors too numerous to mention, in 2016, Bandura was awarded the US National Medal of Science. Its focus is the function of the brain and the rest of the nervous system in activities (e.g., thinking, learning, feeling, sensing, and perceiving) recognized as characteristic of humans and other animals. Blooms early work was primarily in language acquisition-the process by which infants and toddlers come to acquire the ability to understand and produce human speech. In many cases, humans may serve as experimental subjects in biological psychology experiments; however, a great deal of the experimental literature in biological psychology comes from the study of non-human species, most frequently rats, mice, and monkeys. In a nutshell, his main finding is that the objective aspect of peoples lives most strongly correlated with subjective well-being is social ties. Seligman, Beyond Money: Toward an Economy of Well-Being, Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 2004, July, 5(1): 131. The author or co-author of numerous highly cited peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, as well as two books, Shepard is a Member or Fellow of the National Academy of Arts and Sciences, the National Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), and the National Academy of Sciences (NAS). A John's Hopkins University professor, Dr. John B. Watson, and a graduate student wanted to test a learning process called classical conditioning. Thus, it can be seen that Gilligans ideas have been hugely influential; nevertheless, they have not been immune from criticism. 250 (1990), pp223-8. The experiment showed that, given the realistic, prison-like experimental set-up, it was relatively easy for the students to assume their assigned roles as guards or prisoners, eventually exhibiting pathological behaviors such as sadism and depression. Csikszentmihlyi has worked almost exclusively in the field of positive psychology-the investigation of the positive human affective states such as pleasure, happiness, joy, love, and creativity. Tomasello was born in Bartow, Florida, in 1950. He received his bachelors degree in physics in 1957 and his masters degree in psychology in 1959, both from the University of Washington. Herrnstein, R. J. It is the original psychodynamic theory and inspired psychologists such as Jung and Erikson to develop their own psychodynamic theories. He therefore urges us to redirect our energies towards ordinary, everyday experiences with family and friends, if we would be happy. His first book for a mass readership, The Language Instinct (1994), drove home in elegant prose the inarguable importance of the innate language faculty for our humanity. Lewis also conducted research into the interaction between breathing and emotion, which resulted in a new form of breath-control therapy (Bo-tau) for controlling anxiety, phobic responses, and panic attacks. Cognitive psychology is mainly concerned . L. "The mental life of the monkey. Roger Sperry 1913-1994 American psychologist who received the Nobel prize in 1981 for his pioneering research on brain specialization in split-brain patients. Andrew N. Meltzoff and M. Keith Moore, Imitation of Facial and Manual Gestures by Human Neonates [PDF], Science, 1977, 198: 7578. Meltzoff was born in 1950. For instance, he has asserted that the emotional meanings of the various facial expressions are largely universal-that is, independent of history or culturewhich implies that they are rooted in our common human biology. Sexual selection, in a nutshell, is the idea that the sexes may sometimes evolve independently of each other through adaptations geared specifically to the mating preferences of the opposite sex. Perhaps most controversial of all, however, is Millers 2013 Edge article praising Chinas eugenics policy and by implication advocating a similar policy for the US. Cosmides has stated that one reason for casting such a wide net is to illustrate how fruitful and productive evolutionary psychology analyses can be. For example, in a clinical setting the Posner cueing task may be employed to assess attention deficits in a subject following brain injury. being equal, the people who self-report being the happiest are the ones with the strongest interpersonal ties and social support networks. He is currently Professor of Psychology at Duke University and Co-Director of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. He is currently Zellerbach Family Professor of Psychology at the University of Pennsylvania, as well as Director of the Penn Positive Psychology Center. Together, these two features constitute a way of observing ones own emotions as they come and go, without acting on them. Tulving is the author or co-author of some 225 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and is the author, co-author, or editor of five books. After spending the war years in hiding in Nazi-occupied France, the family emigrated to Israel permanently in 1948. Theories of the relationship between body and mind date back at least to Aristotle, who conjectured that the two exist as aspects of the same entity, the mind being merely one of the bodys functions. On the one hand, as Sigmund Freud would have been the first to acknowledge, a wealth of psychological insight is contained in the myths and epic poetry of ancient peoples (think of Esaus envy, Medeas hatred, Didos despair), as well as in the literature of more recent times (Lady Macbeths ambition and Satans pride in Paradise Lost; Madame Bovarys boredom and Charles Swanns jealousy). Darwin was the father of evolutionary psychology. Geoffrey Miller, What Should We Be Worried About? She is currently University Distinguished Professor of Psychology at Northeastern University, where she heads up the Interdisciplinary Affective Science Laboratory(IASL). Essentials of Human Memory (Psychology Press, 2013) 5. Szokolszky is currently Head of the Department of Cognitive and Neuropsychology within the Institute of Psychology in the Faculty of Arts of the University of Szeged (SZTE), in Hungary. Sternberg was born in Newark, New Jersey, in 1949. She is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association (APA) and a Charter Fellow of the American Psychological Society. His most famous work, On . Csikszentmihlyi is the author or co-author of about 250 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, as well as the author, co-author, or editor of some 20 books. The view that psychological processes have biological (or physiological) correlates, is the basic assumption of the whole field of biological psychology. Spelke is perhaps best known for her work on unraveling the comparative contribution of biology and culture to gender differences in mathematical ability and attainment in modern societies. Eminent psychologists of the 20th century. Nadel was born in New York City in 1942. He is currently Emeritus Professor of Psychology at Bowling Green State University. After all, we humans cannot help being curious about ourselves-about what makes us tickand these 50 individuals are acknowledged experts in precisely that topic. The field comprises a spectrum which merges at one end with soft disciplines like ethnology, sociology, and the helping professions, and at the other end with hard disciplines like genetics, endocrinology, and neuroscience. These psychologists made incredible discoveries about human behavior and provided insightful information. A top name in social psychology, Bandura was born in Mundare, Alberta, Canada, and earned his bachelor of arts at the University of British Columbia in 1949. She is currently Professor of Organizational Behavior in the Faculty of Hautes tudes Commerciales, or HEC (which is to say, the Business School), of the University of Lausanne. Division 6 of the American Psychological Association (APA) is the scholarly and professional organization related to Biopsychology. In his later years, Fahrenberg also published a number of articles on the history of psychology as a scientific discipline, the philosophy of science, and the conceptual interactions between psychology and philosophy. Lesions can be placed with relatively high accuracy thanks to a variety of brain "atlases" which provide a map of brain regions in three-dimensional stereotactic coordinates. Featured or trusted partner programs and all school search, finder, or match results are for schools that compensate us. A high level of work orientation in students is more highly correlated with good grades in school, long-term success in ones career, and general fulfillment in life than is family environment. A chemical receptor agonist facilitates neural activity by enhancing or replacing endogenous neurotransmitters. Accessed from web.missouri.edu Video Below, we take a look at seven famous psychological experiments that greatly influenced the field of psychology and our understanding of human behavior. A Class Divided Study Conducted By: Jane Elliott. Segal, Nancy L and Tellegen, Auke. Phineas Gage is a classic case in biopsychology; after enduring a traumatic brain injury, friends and family of Gage observed that his personality changed. The study of the mind-body (or mind-brain) connection goes back to the world's early philosophers, from Plato to Descartes. The recipient of many awards, grants, and honorary degrees, Meltzoff sits on the editorial board of eight academic journals and the advisory board or board of trustees of four foundations. He is currently Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of Oregon, as well as a Member of the Institute of Neuroscience there. See behavioral science. ", Lashley, K. S. "In search of the engram. He is currently Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience at the University of Michigan, as well as Director of the Affective Neuroscience and Biopsychology Lab there. He earned his bachelors degree in 1976 from the University of Texas at Austin, and his Ph.D. in 1981 from the University of California, Berkeley. (July/August, 2002). Similar to the aforementioned topics involving ecological psychology, is another project Szokolszky has developed for the better understanding of the origins and function of metaphor in the various stages of cognitive development. John Bowlby, Maternal Care and Mental Health. [9] The influential work of Claude Bernard, Charles Bell, and William Harvey helped to convince the scientific community that reliable data could be obtained from living subjects. Professional positions in Biopsychology are mainly in academic and research institutions. In addition, the PRG also developed a number of important tests and personality scales, notably, the Freiburg Personality Inventory (FPI), which is comparable to the American 16PF Questionnaire and is the most frequently used such assessment tool in German-speaking countries. Zimbardos research has focused on the way individual behavior is conditioned by structural social factors. Nadel has also been involved in following up on some of the implications of his early studies on the hippocampus, notably in such areas as the relationship between stress and memory and sleep and memory, as well as memory re-consolidation and the memory deficits associated with Down syndrome. Anderson was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, in 1947. Haidt is the author or co-author of more than 100 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters. Gilligan felt that girls and women attain moral maturity by a different path; more importantly, she argued that moral decision-making by women in general takes place in a different voice than that by men. BIOPSYCHOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY. Tulving has made a number of other theoretical advances in the study of memory, as well. He received his bachelors degree in 1972 from Harvard College, and his doctorate in 1976 from Oxford University. He has focused on developing a systematic theoretical framework, both for conducting empirical research on religion and psychology and for developing assessments and interventions of practical relevance to helping professionals. He is currently the William James and Vilas Professor of Psychology and Psychiatry at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. While it has been severely criticized on both methodological and ethical grounds, the Stanford Prison Experiment remains one of the most famous in the history of psychology, and is still considered a valuable demonstration of the ease with which ordinary, psychologically normal individuals may be induced to behave pathologically by their social circumstances. Banduras self-efficacy model is often considered to be a forerunner of todays popular cognitive behavioral therapy(CBT). Traditional economic theory had always assumed that human beings are rational actors, which means they can generally be relied upon to act in ways they perceive as furthering their own best interests. Ekmans careful empirical investigations in this field laid the groundwork for the recent development of the field of affective neuroscience. 1. Bandura first came to prominence for his work on aggression, particularly in children and adolescents. He did not deny the reality of a fundamental underlying personality altogether, but claimed that its expression is highly complex, and best characterized in terms of contextualized, conditional (if-then) patterns of behavior. Gardner was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania, in 1943. Members of the Society's Psychobiology Section introduce the field and their network. More specifically, he believes that the characteristically human way of life was made possible by our ability to direct the attention of group members jointly on a single, collective purpose. He received his Ph.D. in experimental psychology in 1957 from Harvard University. In studying cognitive and emotional deficits in these populations, especially in children diagnosed with autism, Rutter combined traditional questionnaires and other means of gatherings vital statistics with new technologies, including DNA analysis and neuroimaging. 20 April 2015. He is currently Professor of Cognitive (including Biological) Psychology at the University of Leipzig, where he also directs the BioCog group of the International Max Planck Research School on the Neuroscience of Communication: Structure, Function, and Plasticity (IMPRS NeuroCom). Thus, sexual selection is a subset of natural selection; it is a useful concept for explaining the existence of what might otherwise seem like useless or even harmful traits, such as the peacocks tail. In addition, Berridges works addresses still more complex issues, such as the neural basis of learning, the causes of addiction, the neurobiological relation between desire and fear, and the neurobiological relation between consciousness and emotion (can there be unconscious emotions?). However, he was raised in Paris, where his parents had emigrated from Lithuania. In 1977, the American pathologist and psychiatrist George Engel (1913-1999) published in the Journal Science his paper "TheIn 1977, the American pathologist and psychiatrist George Engel (1913-1999) published in the Journal Science his paper "Theneed for a new medical model: A challenge for biomedic He received his bachelors degree in biology in 1963, his masters degree in psychology in 1965, and his Ph.D. in physiological psychology in 1967, all from McGill University in Montreal, Canada. However, while to our modern eyes this history may appear unfortunate, giving rise to racism, the tendency itself is not really linked to race as such (which is in any case a modern social construct). Here, she began by postulating two basic principles: first, the task of category systems is to provide maximum information with the least cognitive effort; second, the perceived world comes as structured information rather than as arbitrary or unpredictable attributes. While this early psycholinguistics research won Pinker a solid reputation among his peers, it was his writings for a popular audience that made him a household name among the wider educated public. It was to the confluence of these dual streams of ancient meditative practice and modern neuroscience that he owed the breakthrough work that was soon to come. 2: Separation: Anxiety and Anger. He was the first qualified doctor of medicine and founding father of psychoanalysis. Indeed, early in his career, he was best known for his theory of learned helplessness, which is the idea that people in traumatic situations from which they cannot escape tend to carry over the sense of their own powerlessness into other situations which they could (but do not) impact positively by their behavior. A different type of study from the 1960s for which Mischel is even better known-especially to the public at largeinvolves preschoolers ability to exercise self-control. In this method a chemical receptor antagonist induces neural activity by interfering with neurotransmission. Biological psychology, of biopsychology, is the application of the principles of biology to the study of mental processes and behavior, that is the study of psychology in terms of bodily mechanisms. Golemans work since 1995 has focused on the cultivation of emotional intelligence as a learnable and teachable skill, with important implications for the world of education, for the business community, and for the behavioral sciences more generally. In later work, Meltzoff turned his attention to a number of other topics, such as autism, empathy, intention, the infants theory of mind (its ability to understand other peoples intentions), and the neural mechanisms underpinning gaze-following and imitation. In this respect, Shepard long sought a universal law of generalizationa theory of the way the mind generalizes from past experience to new situationswhich he considered to be the Holy Grail of learning theory in cognitive psychology. He has also been heavily involved in the field of psychological measurement, having helped design a number of widely used tests, including the Childrens Test of Nonword Repetition (CN REP), the Speed and Capacity of Language Processing Test (SCOLP), and the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test(RBMT). In spite of the popularity of this influential idea, however, Seligmans reputation today rests equally or more on his work on the wellsprings of resilience in human characterthe personality traits that make for what he terms authentic happiness. He is currently Daniel and Amy Starch Research Professor of Psychology (Emeritus) at Harvard University, as well as Co-Faculty at the New England Complex Systems Institute. In addition, she is a Fellow of the Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory and was the Founding Director of the Center for Psychology and Law, both at UC-Irvine. Breedlove, S. M., M.R. In addition, he is considered to be the father of neuromarketing, a discipline which uses fMRI and other technology to study how prospective consumers respond to advertisements and other marketing stimuli. Note that the French-British psychologist David Lewis should not be confused with the philosopher David K. Lewis, the psychiatrist David A. Lewis, or the evolutionary psychologist David M.G. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Cosmides was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1957. Co-morbidities of BPD include clinical depression, bipolar disorder, self-harm, substance abuse, and suicidal ideation. It proved so controversial at the time that the brand name sociobiology became tarnished; the field subsequently morphed into what is now called evolutionary psychology. Very recently, Haidt has taken a lot of heat from the cultural left by suggesting that there needs to be a greater diversity of opinion in American academia. Some of the earliest and most famous examples of the biological perspective is ideas brought forth by Charles Darwin. Synonyms to Biological Psychology include Biopsychology, Behavioral Neuroscience, and Psychobiology. 15. We adapt very quickly to either." -Daniel Gilbert. Gopnik was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1955. She is currently Professor of Humanities and Applied Psychology in the Department of Psychology at New York University-Steinhardt, as well as University Professor in NYUs School of Law. with our physical limitations in mind, so too ought we to design our social world of educational, financial, legal, and political institutions with our cognitive limitations in mind. In addition to personality psychology, his ideas have been influential in the fields of business management and education. The indefatigable author or co-author of over 600 peer-reviewed articles and the author, co-author, or editor of some two dozen technical books, Beck is one of the most highly esteemed and influential psychiatrists of the twentieth century. In 1995, he published Emotional Intelligence, which became a huge international bestseller and made the books title into a household phrase. 3: Loss: Sadness and Depression. After graduating, he taught for some time a Harvard, before moving to Yale, where he co-founded the Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning at Yale Universitys Child Studies Center (now located a the University of Illinois at Chicago). William James, like many early psychologists, had considerable training in physiology. Highly informative resources to keep your education journey on track. Spelke has studied these capacities by using a multi-faceted approach, including the investigation of: their origins in human infants and children; their relation to the capacities of nonhuman primates; and their manifestation in diverse cultural settings. It is hard for us today to appreciate what a radical break Becks cognitive approach represented in the late 1950s and early 1960s, in a field still dominated by Freuds idea that the root cause of most neurosis is sexual repression. Her work has been extraordinarily wide-ranging, analyzing from an evolutionary point of view everything from the psychology of cooperation, coalition and friendship formation, incest avoidance, and autism, to threat interpretation, predator-prey relationships, visual attention, statistical reasoning, and multiple memory systems.