Monthly statistics on the population in custody of children and young people within the secure estate. The proportion issued to females has slightly decreased over the last 5 years, from 24% in 2015. Young females had higher levels of FSM eligibility across all disposals, except for fines, compared to young males. The indictable offences for which the highest numbers of female offenders were sentenced in 2019 were: Theft from shops (9600 were sentenced, 3% of all sentences given to female offenders in 2019); Assault of an emergency worker (2700 sentenced); Fraud by false representation: cheque, plastic card and online bank accounts (940 sentenced); Possession of a Class A drug (870 sentenced); and. Previously mothers had no rights at all over their children if the marriage broke down. There is only ever one principal suspect per homicide victim. The disparity in convictions for these offences may reflect the fact that females make up a slightly larger proportion of benefit claimants[footnote 118]. In 2019, there were 72,200 first receptions into prison, of which 90% were male and 10% were female. Youth custody data - February 2014 published. All organisations within the CJS have increased female representation among senior staff over the last 5 years. custody. Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. Benefit fraud females made up 58% of the 1160 convictions for indictable benefit fraud offences up 2 pp from 2015. Females reported that it was harder for family and friend to visit them in prison (this may be due to there being fewer female prisons so the average distance from home is greater). In 2019, 15% of the total crime lower legal aid workload was for female clients and this proportion has remained stable over the last 5-year period[footnote 41]. The largest increase in female representation was seen in court judges by 5 percentage points, to 32%. These statistics concentrate on the flow of children (aged 10-17) through the youth justice system in England and Wales. To help us improve GOV.UK, wed like to know more about your visit today. Figure 7.11: Proportion of young offenders who finished Key Stage 4 in either 2013/14 or 2014/15 with a record of persistent absence, by gender and disposal category (Source: Table 7.4). Female homicide victims were most often between 25-34 years old (17%). The largest difference in proportions between genders for fixed period exclusion was seen for those who were dealt with by a suspended sentence. , Where there are multiple suspects in a homicide case, they are categorised in the Homicide Index as either the principal or a secondary suspect. The proportion of all young offenders in the matched cohort that achieved 5 or more GCSEs (or equivalents) graded A* to C, including English and Maths, was slightly higher for the young female group, at 12%, compared to 10% for young males. Figure 4.05: Number of cautions issued, by sex, 2015 to 2019. in the 14 years to March 2019, the number of young people in youth custody went down in every ethnic group. Youth Custody report for June 2013 published. For example, data on arrests are presented in financial years, while data from courts is presented in calendar years. Where a source is not National Statistics, users should consider this when making judgements about the weight that can be put on related findings. In 2018/19, 21% of the 85,900 adults who engaged with liaison and diversion services were female. Youth custody data for January 2016 published. , Excluding companies and those of unknown sex, which accounted for 10% of the total number of defendants in 2019. Receipt of subsequent information which alters our understanding of previous periods (for example late recording on one of the administrative IT systems used operationally). , Data is from Domestic abuse in England and Wales: year ending March 2019. The female majority in Magistrates Court staff has continued to increase, also, recorded at 56% in 2020. Over the last 5 years, the number of individual formally dealt with has decreased but the proportions have remained constant. It covers statistics on arrests and detentions under the Mental Health Act (1983), which are published by the Home Office in the Police Powers and Procedures, England and Wales, year ending 31 March 2020 publication. The highest frequency rate was observed amongst female offenders aged 30 to 34, at 4.83, whilst for male offenders, it was highest in both the 30-34 and 35-39 age groups, at 4.44 reoffences per reoffender. For each offence, the proportion of those who were sentenced to immediate custody was lower for female offenders than for males. Twenty-nine percent of fathers see their children, 1-4 times a month. Dont include personal or financial information like your National Insurance number or credit card details. Offenders with 15 or more previous cautions or convictions. This report is a compendium of information from a range of data sources from across the CJS on the representation of females (and males) among victims, suspects, defendants and offenders. Of those remanded in custody at magistrates court in 2019, 65% of male defendants were sent for trial or sentencing at Crown Court, compared to 50% of female defendants. This proportions differ from the total prison population, which were 95% and 5% respectively. Of all cautions issued in 2019, 55% were for indictable offences, a proportion which has been increasing over the last 5 years, from 49% in 2015. This is the latest biennial compendium of Statistics on Women and the Criminal Justice System and follows its sister publication Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System published last year. Therefore, to ensure comparability across year, these forces have been excluded from the calculations for the year on year change. In homicides where the principal suspect was known to the victim, 67% of cases with female victims suspected the partner/ex-partner. The custody rate for this offence was lower for female offenders (19%) than for males (26%). Highest prevalence in females was seen in those aged 20-24 (15.1%), with younger males experiencing highest prevalence in the 16-19 age group (6.5%). The publication aims to help practitioners, policy makers, academics and members of the public understand trends in the CJS in England and Wales, and how these vary between the sexes and over time. Figure 3.02: Percentage of adults who were victims of violent crime, by age group, year ending March 2019. The analysis in this report addresses the key subject areas and goes some way to provide an evidence base for monitoring progress and aiding policy making decisions for the future. , 2% of adults identified as intersex or did not disclose this information. Similarly, males were twice as likely to be subjected to violence from a stranger (1.3%) than females (0.6%)[footnote 11][footnote 12]. A 2.6 pp increase over the last five years brought female representation among in-post police officers up to 31% in 2019. Youth custody report November 2017 and youth custody data for November 2017 published. Youth custody report for February 2017 published. In 2019/20, violence against the person and theft offences accounted for the largest proportion of arrests for both males and females. This proportion was slightly less for females (83%), than for males (85%). This was much higher than the proportion of all year 11 pupils who had SEN with a statement (including both offenders and non-offenders) in 2013/14[footnote 106] and 2014/15 [footnote 107](2% for young females and 5% for young males). Of the 34,300 defendants convicted for shoplifting, 9,600 (28%) were female. The proportion of ineffective and cracked trials was higher for females (20% and 37%) than males (16% and 33%) in 2019. The disposal where there was the greatest difference between genders was for fines. Of those sentenced, a consistently higher proportion of female offenders were fined and had a lower average fine than male offenders over the last 5 years. Consistently, the proportion of females who reported experiencing domestic abuse in the last year (7.3%) was twice that of males (3.6%). , See the Families and Households 2019 dataset for further information on household types. Father-headed households 400,000 families were headed by lone fathers in 2012, representing 13.5% of all single-parent households in the UK according to the Office for National Statistics. In the year ending March 2020 (referred to as 2019/20 throughout), the proportion of adults who were victim of a CSEW crime (excluding fraud and computer misuse) was 13.3%, down from 14.9% the year before, with no significant difference between men and women. This is largely due to the introduction of the offence of assaulting an emergency worker in 2018, for which 3,300 females were prosecuted in 2019. , Offenders whose sex was unknown were excluded from all analyses in this section, which might lead to very small inconsistencies with other published statistics on offenders. Here are a few examples, per the U.S. Census Bureau's 2020 study: 41.6% of custodial mothers are 40 years old or older. For more detailed analysis on out of court disposals, see Chapter 4: Police Activity. This chapter reports on the trends in the composition of staff and practitioners throughout the criminal justice system (CJS) by sex. Across all disposals, a larger proportion of young males had a record of receiving a fixed period exclusion compared to young females. This was driven by a decrease in prevalence of indecent exposure and unwanted touching, and rape excluding attempts. This was considerably lower than the proportion of pupils achieving this attainment level for the overall pupil population (including both offenders and non-offenders) in 2013/14[footnote 94] (62% for young females and 52% for young males) and 2014/15[footnote 95] (62% for young females and 53% for young males). Intimate reflects the nature of the relationship between victim and perpetrator or the nature or the abuse itself. Youth custody report for September 2016 published. , Bespoke analysis can be found in the Chapter 3: Victims Tables published alongside this report. Self-harm in prison custody is defined as any act where a prisoner deliberately harms themselves irrespective of the method, intent or severity of any injury. In the last 5 years, females consistently had a higher proportion of prisoners who self-harmed and a higher number of instances of self-harm per 1,000 prisoners[footnote 66]. , Data are from the most recently published Homicide in England and Wales, 2018/19. Figure 7.03: Average Custodial Sentence Lengths (ACSL) for indictable offences by sex and ethnic group, England and Wales, 2019. The proportion of all young offenders in the matched cohort that achieved 5 or more GCSEs (or equivalents) graded A* to C, including English and Maths, was slightly higher for the young female group, at 12%, compared to 10% for young males. This proportion was 5 percentage points lower than the proportion of adult females that were prosecuted for indictable offences, at 15%. , Caution should be taken when comparing figures for senior staff, however, because the numbers of individuals represented are small - changing a single case could have a noticeable effect. Over the last 5 years at Crown Court, there was a steady increase in the proportion of both male and female defendants who were not remanded, with a gradual increase of the proportion remanded in custody, offset by a decrease in the proportion of those bailed. , National liaison and diversion services offence groups are based on those used by the Home Office and are not directly comparable to those used in Criminal Justice Statistics quarterly: December 2019, which are used throughout the majority of this bulletin. In accordance with Principle 2 of the Code of Practice for Official Statistics, the Ministry of Justice is required to publish transparent guidance on its policy for revisions. Other defendants such as companies and public bodies are also excluded. , Monthly Youth Custody Official Statistics on the population in custody of children and young people within secure childrens homes (SCHs), secure training centres (STCs) and young offender institutions (YOIs) are published by the Youth Custody Service. Between 2015 and 2019, female children saw the largest decline, a decrease of 35% in prosecutions, compared to a 29% decrease for male children that were prosecuted over the same period. Within the Ministry of Justices statistical publications there can be three main reasons for statistics to be revised: Changes in how either source administrative systems collect information or a change in statistical methodology to improve accuracy and measurement. Fraud by failing to disclose information females made up 50% of 281 convictions in 2019, down 1 pp since 2015. Personal crime is defined by the CSEW as comprising of all violence and thefts. Similar falls have been seen in the number of defendants prosecuted over the last 5 years when broken down by sex; the number of prosecutions for male defendants fell by 11% to 904,000 in 2019 and prosecutions for female defendants fell by 12% to 324,000 in 2019. Additionally, men are awarded less support on average than mothers who are awarded support. , Fixed period exclusion refers to a pupil who is excluded from a school for a set period of time. , This section excludes those where sex is not stated and other defendants such as companies and public bodies in total these accounted for 10% of all defendants in 2019. The figure was higher for custodial fathers at 54.6%. Police station advice alone accounts for 71% of the workload for both sexes in 2019, increasing from around 60% since 2012. Males were serving longer custodial sentence lengths. The overall style and composition of the report have also been changed to align with Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System 2018, with the intention of making it easier for readers to interpret the relative experiences of males and females throughout the CJS. Males maintain higher risk of personal crime than females. The following section discusses child offenders at different stages of the Criminal Justice System. Of all female offenders cautioned or convicted in 2019, 35% were first time offenders, compared to 22% for males. In 2019, 60,800 cautions were issued, 78% to males and 22% to females. To avoid inconsistency in the length of their offending histories, for those with an academic year of 2008/09 their offending data has been considered up to 31 August 2016 and for those with an academic year of 2009/10 it has been considered up to 31 August 2017. If there is conviction information available, the suspect with the longest sentence/most serious conviction is determined as the principal suspect. As at 30 June 2019, there were 9,100 prisoners held on remand (unsentenced), 6% of the prison population held on remand were female and this proportion was stable over the last 5 years. Figure 1.01: Proportions of males and females throughout the CJS, 2019 Victimisation Males maintain higher risk of personal crime than females. Crime higher concerns legal representation in the Crown Court and above. Defendants with unknown or not stated sex accounted for 10% of all prosecutions in 2019. It is our intention to develop and test a new methodology that maintains our high professional standards and ensures that accurate, consistent series are available to all. Prosecutions for indictable offences for females have decreased by 29% since 2015, from 48,000 to 33,800. For example, young males receiving more than 12 months in custody were more likely to receive any pass in GCSEs than young females (69% v 64%), whereas the reverse was true for young males receiving 12 months or less in custody. Youth custody data for April 2018 published. Section 95 of the Criminal Justice Act 1991 states that: The Secretary of State shall in each year publish such information as they consider expedient for the purpose of facilitating the performance of those engaged in the administration of justice to avoid discriminating against any persons on the ground of race or sex or any other improper ground. If you have any feedback about the changes referred to in the introduction, or the report more generally, please contact the production team through the Justice Statistics Analytical Services division of the Ministry of Justice: Figure 6.03: Number of Self-harm individuals in prison per 1,000 prisoners by sex, 2015 to 2019. , Proven reoffending statistics are reported based on cohorts of offenders who are released from custody, received a non-custodial conviction at court, or received a caution within a three-month period. , See technical guide for more information on what this service covers. You have accepted additional cookies. This includes those aged under 18 and 18 year olds. Instances of self-harm per individual was over twice as high for females at 9.3, compared to 4.4 for males. In contrast, a higher proportion of male than female first time offenders were cautioned or convicted for drug offences over the last 5 years (13% and 5% respectively in 2019). Youth custody report for November 2015 published. Youth Custody Report for July 2013 published. , In this chapter, children refers to those aged 10 to 15 unless stated otherwise. Female representation among court judges continued to steadily increase, similarly to the last five years (28% in 2016; 32% in 2020). Females had a higher average number of reoffences per reoffender compared to males, at 4.33 and 3.99, respectively. In the absence of any court outcome, the principal suspect is either the person considered by the police to be the most involved in the homicide or the suspect with the closest relationship to the victim. Over a three-year timeseries, a larger proportion of males aged 16-59 had experienced only one form of abuse in the last year (84.6%) compared to females the same age (77.9%)[footnote 18]. Figure 3.03: Number of homicide offences currently recorded by the police, by sex of victim, 2008/09 to 2018/19. , Source: GCSE and equivalent results in England: 2014 to 2015 (revised) Main national tables: Table 3a: GCSE and equivalent entries and achievements of pupils at the end of key stage 4 by type of school and gender. Intimate violence refers to a range of physical and non-physical abuse including domestic abuse, sexual assault and stalking. Fines accounted for 34% of females sentenced in 2019 and 33% received a community sentence, compared with 44% and 30% for males. , Personal crimes are those against an individual that relate to the respondents own personal experience rather than others in the household. Youth custody report for April 2015 published. The most common sentence for indictable benefit fraud offences was a community sentence, received by 51% of females and 53% of males sentenced in 2019. National Statistics status means that official statistics meet the highest standards of trustworthiness, quality and public value. Ethnic minority groups accounted for a higher proportion of prosecutions against males compared to females. , Defendants are reported against their principal (i.e. This proportion has remained stable over the last 5 years (June 2015 June 2019) despite the overall fall of 18% in the under 18 custody population. In contrast to what is seen for police and magistrates courts remand, females consistently had a higher proportion than males to be bailed at the Crown Court. Of all female prosecutions, 56% were brought forward by a prosecuting authority other than the police, compared to 23% for male defendants. Females accounted for 15% of arrests, unchanged since 2015/16. , Breakdown by offence type is not available in the CSEW 2019/20 data. You have accepted additional cookies. A copy of this statement can be found at: http://www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/statistics/mojstats/statistics-revisions-policy.pdf. , For both indictable and summary offences. , See the Criminal justice statistics outcomes by offence data tool in Criminal Justice Statistics Quarterly: December 2019 to obtain all statistics on prosecutions, convictions and sentencing quoted in this chapter. The study relied solely on electronically available published opinions in child custody cases (n = 4,338). Please note that the data for the Open Data for June 2021 has been amended. , Published figures for self-harm in prison can be found in Safety in Custody Statistics. This is driven in part by a higher proportion of female offenders getting sentenced for offences that tend to receive shorter sentences. , This section looks at indictable offences only. The other ethnic groups all had the same custody rate of 35%. April 2017 to March 2018) offender cohort. Youth Custody Report for November 2013 published. The national divorce rate is 7.6 per 1,000 couples in 2022. There were some differences between the gender groups at this attainment level across all disposals. , Published figures for probation can be found in Offender Management Statistics quarterly. Young male offenders had a higher proportion with SEN with a statement[footnote 105] overall (17%), compared to young female offenders (7%). These figures are calculated differently from those used for the Criminal Justice Statistics Quarterly: December 2019 bulletin, which is used as the basis for the section on plea at the Crown Court and the remainder of the Crown Court committal section they are not directly comparable to these sections. Court bail includes those remanded on bail at any stage of proceedings at magistrates or Crown Court who were never remanded in custody but who may also have been not remanded at some stage of those proceedings. We are trialling the publication of this statistical bulletin in HTML format alongside the usual PDF version and we are seeking user feedback on the use of HTML for the publication of statistical bulletins. The proportion of males issued a caution for indictable offences was 56%, compared to 52% for female offenders. Youth custody data - October data published. Little is known, however, about child custody evaluators beliefs, background, knowledge about domestic violence, and other factors that may shape their recommendations1 regarding custody and parent-child visitation arrangements. At 53%, oral fast delivery PSRs[footnote 53] were more common, especially for females (females 60%, males 52%), while standard PSRs[footnote 54], which are given for more serious offences, were much less common and were given proportionally more often to male offenders (4%) compared with female offenders (1%). Mental health needs were higher for young females, the majority of which were for emotional and behavioural issues, affecting 31% of females and 18% of males. The number of individuals formally dealt with by the CJS includes defendants prosecuted at magistrates court and individuals given a caution or Penalty Notice for Disorder (PND). More females experienced two types of abuse (18.3%) than males (13.5%), often including domestic stalking. There are also sections covering statistics on out of court disposals which come from the Criminal Justice Statistics Quarterly: December 2019, published by the Ministry of Justice, and experimental pilot data from national Liaison and Diversion services, as supplied by NHS England. Once in prison, females generally reported a better experience when: on arrival, on the first night, induction and life on the wing. Figure 3.01: Percentage of adults who were victims of personal crime, by type, year ending March 2019. Just over a quarter (26%) of all prosecutions were for female defendants in 2019, which has remained stable over the last 5 years. Between 2015 and 2019, offenders of unknown sex comprised less than 1% of offenders. May in certain circumstances also be suitable when the Court is considering custody. Time Method View help for Time Method This offence accounted for 30% of all female convictions, compared to 4% of male convictions. , Department of Work and Pensions benefits statistics. This compared to Black females accounting for 6% of all female prosecutions. This idea was developed in the 1980s by Richard Gardner, a crank psychiatrist who thought child sexual abuse is not necessarily traumatic, and that mothers who don't fulfil their partners. Data on PSRs relates to those aged 18 or older and all offence types. Figure 5.07: Remand status at Crown Court, by sex, 2015 to 2019, Outcomes for defendants remanded in custody at Crown Court. , In 2018/19 Lancashire, Warwickshire and West Mercia stated that new IT systems and/or processes had led to changes in recording of detentions under section 136 of the Mental Health Act. Other defendants such as companies and public bodies are also excluded. , Other demographic data, such as age and ethnicity, are available in the Crime in England and Wales Annual Trend and Demographic Tables. In 2019/20, 2.6% of all children were victims of violent crime. We will provide further updates regarding the availability of a consistent back series in subsequent Criminal Court Statistics publications[footnote 44]. Youth custody report for October 2015 published. Ministry of Justice, 3rd Floor, 10 South Colonnade, London, E14 4PU, General enquiries about the statistical work of the Ministry of Justice can be e-mailed to:
[email protected], The structure and content of this report is continually being reviewed to reflect user requirements. First time offenders accounted for 24% of offenders who were cautioned or convicted In England and Wales in 2019, of which 78% were male and 22% females[footnote 88]. The age distribution of female and male defendants is broadly similar. , See technical guide for information on the use of section 136 of the Mental Health Act (1983). A consistently lower proportion of female defendants entered a guilty plea over the last 5 years, at 66% in 2019 compared to 71% of male defendants. , In 2019/20, the CPS moved from annual reporting, in the Violence Against Women and Girls annual report, to quarterly data. In the same period, 16% of court reports prepared were for females, a proportion which has remained consistent in the last five years. The main source of referral was police custody, accounting for 72% of males and 73% of females referred to liaison and diversion services. Male children reported a significantly higher proportion of being a victim of a CSEW crime at 9.0%, compared to 4.0% of females[footnote 7][footnote 8]. Annual figures are then produced by aggregating the four 3-monthly cohorts within each given year. , PSRs provide information to the court about the offender and any circumstances surrounding the offence, to help decide on a suitable sentence. The indictable offence groups with the highest proportion of females prosecuted were fraud offences (33% female) and theft offences (21% female), while the groups with the highest proportion of males prosecuted were sexual offences (98% male) and possession of weapons (93% male). Youth custody report for July 2016 published. A fast delivery PSR is only suitable where the case was of low seriousness or medium seriousness, and where the court indicates that a community sentence is being considered. As at 30 June 2019, 5% of the prison population were female, this proportion has remained stable for the last 5 years. Until the statistics tell us that more than 4 percent of divorced fathers are seeking custody through the Family Court system, there are few men who have such experience and proof of a true "gender bias." Likewise, only slight changes have been seen since 2015 regarding female representation in CPS staff (65% in 2015; 66% in 2019). As with crime lower, there has been a decreasing trend in the volume of crown court legal aid. This is reflected in the higher proportion of females remanded in custody who were sentenced to immediate custody at magistrates court, 17% in 2019 compared to 13% for males. In 2019, the number of individuals who self-harmed per 1,000 prisoners was 335 for females and 148 for males[footnote 67]. [A pupil may be excluded for one or more fixed periods up to a maximum of 45 school days in a single academic year. We use some essential cookies to make this website work. Drunk and disorderly accounted for the highest proportion of PNDs issued for both males and females in 2019. For both sexes, the 30 to 39 age range represented the highest number of those prosecuted in 2019. A gender bias argument should not be used by a divorced father unless he has personal experience and can back up that experience with proof. In this section any analysis is conducted where the gender of the offender is known. SEN support replaces school action and school action plus but some pupils remain with these provision types in first year of transition. , A young person may be eligible to claim for FSM if they or their family meet certain criteria related to their income and benefits received. , For the detailed statistics for specific offences used in this chapter, see the Principal offence proceedings and outcomes by Home Office offence code data tool in Criminal Justice Statistics Quarterly: December 2019.