which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct?

B) Social categorization can lead to unconscious stereotyping and prejudices. Which of the following statements best represents variation in racial and ethnic identification across countries? He receives two very promising applications from individuals who both are college educated and hold well-paying jobs. Butz, D. A., & Plant, E. A. When speeding charges are made, Blacks fare much worse when citations are issued on the basis of the officer's visual assessment rather than radar or laser. 262 courses. b. prey on women's insecurities to get them to buy advertiser's products. a. children's readers and picture books. A basic prediction of social categorization theory is that . b. I think you would agree that you are more likely to categorize yourself as a member of your college or university when your basketball or football team has just won a really important game, or at your commencement day ceremony, than you would on a normal evening out with your family. One of the long-standing puzzles in the area of academic performance concerns why Black students perform more poorly on standardized tests, receive lower grades, and are less likely to remain in school in comparison with White students, even when other factors such as family income, parents education, and other relevant variables are controlled. Linville, P. W., Salovey, P., & Fischer, G. W. (1986). The three financial statements are: (1) the Income Statement, (2) the Balance Sheet, and (3) the Cash Flow Statement. Which of the following statements concerning workers' compensation is NOT correct? (2004). doi: 10.1111/j.17519004.2010.00306.x. Research has found that the experience of stereotype threat can help explain a wide variety of performance decrements among those who are targeted by negative stereotypes. d. her unfeminine walk. What is a characteristic of white privilege? d. generalization. Which of the following statements concerning prejudice is not true? Nosek, B. Prejudice based on socially significant physical distinctions is known as. Similar effects occur when we categorize other people. d. 94; 62, Cross-cultural research on ambivalent sexism showed that: Without power, the fish in the fish tanks at each store will die. People who sit farther away are assumed to be more prejudiced toward the members of the group. b. Implicit association procedures such as the IAT show that even participants who claim that they are not prejudiced do seem to hold cultural stereotypes about social groups. Outline your answers clearly a. more favorably than older men The bogus pipeline: A new paradigm for measuring affect and attitude. This is an example of (1999). a. unmarried women. c. Japanese Americans Belinda is part of a jury that is split evenly between those who feel the defendant is guilty and those who feel the defendant is not guilty. Thinking about others in terms of their group memberships is known as social categorizationthe natural cognitive process by which we place individuals into social groups. Consequences of automatic evaluation: Immediate behavioral predispositions to approach or avoid the stimulus. a. Racism is no longer a significant problem for Blacks. The 1964 Civil Rights Act accomplished what? And self-fulfilling prophecies are ubiquitouseven teachers expectations about their students academic abilities can influence the students school performance (Jussim, Robustelli, & Cain, 2009). Stereotyping is problematic when the stereotypes we hold about a social group are inaccurate overall, and particularly when they do not apply to the individual who is being judged (Stangor, 1995). correct? According to Aristotle, an argument satisfies three conditions, and "is based on certain statements made in such a way as necessarily to cause the assertion of things other than those statements . In one study assessing stereotypes, Stephanie Madon and her colleagues (Madon et al., 2001) presented U.S. college students with a list of 84 trait terms and asked them to indicate for which groups each trait seemed appropriate (Figure 12.6 Current Stereotypes Held by College Students). Which of the following is not true of Ann Hopkins' legal battle? This statement best reflects: b. The point at which operating income is equal to $0. The result? Bargh, J. Psychological Science, 14(5), 516519. 0 Wishlist. d. all of the above, Which of the following is not true of media portrayals of women and men? Psychological defense in anticipation of anxiety: Eliminating the potential for anxiety eliminates the effect of mortality salience on worldview defense. San Diego, CA: Elsevier. Gender stereotyping research that focused on social class has found that: a. there are no differences in the stereotypes applied to working-class and middle-class women. Question Which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct? Research has found that stereotype threat is caused by both cognitive and affective factors. Other activities can be carried out by either physicians or paramedics. Immigrants are sometimes blamed for low wages. (2011). men earned the money, while ___ percent expressed this view in 2002. Swim, J. K. (1994). Which of the following is an example of cognitive dissonance? c. Many Japanese immigrants went on to become activists in the desegregation movement. a. ageism You can see that these social categorizations may create some potential for misperception, and perhaps even hostility. Course Title THEO 104 - Introduction to Christian Thought. It can help in increasing cooperation among individuals because sharing a common goal often provides a core focus for the groups, generally taking focus off apparent differences. b. b. discrimination. Sarah feels quite the contraryarguing that women have been the targets of sexism for many, many years and even now do not have the same access to high-paying jobs that men do. Yaacov Trope and Eric Thompson (1997) found that individuals addressed fewer questions to members of categories about which they had strong stereotypes (as if they already knew what these people were like) and that the questions they did ask were likely to confirm the stereotypes they already had. A., & Shelton, J. N. (2003). For most of the period of European expansion, Europeans believed themselves to be superior to the people they colonized and conquered. ______ is the model of ethnic integration that exists in Switzerland. Neighborhood segregation has declined significantly over the past quarter century. At present, there are three paramedics and two physicians on duty during each shift. Over the past half-century, the South has lost all gains in desegregation made since 1954the year of the ______ decision. Once we do so, we begin to respond to those people more as members of a social group than as individuals. A common strategy for gaining compliance used by car salespeople is the door-in-the-face technique. 165208). New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. d. modern sexism. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell. Generics are statements such as "tigers are striped", "a duck lays eggs", "the dodo is extinct", and "ticks carry Lyme disease". Similarly, when stereotypes are activated, children with low socioeconomic status perform more poorly in math than do those with high socioeconomic status, and psychology students perform more poorly than do natural science students (Brown, Croizet, Bohner, Fournet, & Payne, 2003). Immigrants to the United States from 1820 to 1880 were mostly from British Journal of Psychology, 54, 101114. Although Gkn has been shown to predict important life outcomes, only a few standardized tests measuring Gkn exist, especially for the adult population. Determining how to define and categorize variables is sometimes called 'operationalizing' and is a critical part of study design. b. Categorization is frequently based on easily identifiable attributes. The stereotypes are pictures in our heads of the social groups (Lippman, 1922). Which of the following statements about categorization is most correct? At a 0.11%0.11 \%0.11% rate of interest, what is the amount of money U.S. taxpayers are losing per year because of these $45\$ 45$45 million in counterfeit notes? Entropy-related risks were soon translated into the "infodemic", a wide-spread phenomenon with psychosocial and cultural roots. Once they become established, stereotypes (like any other cognitive representation) tend to persevere. d. often understand it as a compliment, since it is often meant as a compliment. d. honesty is one trait more strongly associated with working-class than middle-class women. Southern and Eastern Europe. a. modern sexism. Sociologist Eduardo Bonilla-Silva argues that f(x)=x28x+20. In some cases, we categorize because doing so provides us with information about the characteristics of people who belong to certain social groups (Lee, Jussim, & McCauley, 1995). Public opinion. c. as active, mature adults Selected accounts payable and general ledger accounts for Copperland Company are given in the Working Papers. b. often get angry, making a mountain out of a molehill. Which of the following statements about social categorization is incorrect?A) Social categorization assigns individuals to categories based on common characteristics. ", Which of the following is an example of spotlighting? d. Because it is easy to classify people, category-based stereotypes are always accurate. d. "Pioneers moved West, taking their wives and children. b. Racist views distinguishing the descendants of Europeans from those of Africans became central to European racist attitudes. In short, stereotypes and prejudice are powerful largely because they are important social norms that are part of our culture (Guimond, 2000). Judd, C. M., & Park, B. b. diminutive suffixes for female terms. We actively categorize not only objects, but also ideas and events. A., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. Is your behavior fair or unfair to the people you are categorizing? The Stanford prison experiment led researchers to conclude which of the following? f(x)=x28x+20f(x)=\sqrt{x^2-8x+20} Hirschfeld, L. (1996). a. imply women are weak. a. interpersonal racism. social class, family, football team etc.) 2 the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. You want to visit Argentina, but your attitude about Argentina is changing as you read the news about the kidnappings that have occurred there. a. Latina women John is expressing his opinions, and Sarah is expressing hers. d. Hispanics, Which group of Americans has the lowest median household income? Despite the increased participation of women in sports, female athletes continue to be a. c. It outlawed discriminatory voting practices. c. across countries, men showed stronger hostile sexism than women did. What is this scenario an example of? Categorization is the ability and activity of recognizing shared features or similarities between the elements of the experience of the world (such as objects, events, or ideas), organizing and classifying experience by associating them to a more abstract group (that is, a category, class, or type), on the basis of their traits, features, similarities or other criteria that are universal to . For example, if asked "how many . Ethnic and national stereotypes: The Princeton trilogy revisited and revised. Schaller, M., & Conway, G. (1999). Empty cart. During an interview afterward, he stated, "I've made that putt a thousand times on the practice green. And which groups we use in social categorization can change over time and in different situations. Teacher expectations and self-fulfilling prophecies. The point at which variable costs equal fixed costs. Social categorization influences our perceptions of groupsfor instance, the perception of outgroup homogeneity. Which factor significantly decreased the likelihood of conformity in Solomon Asch's studies? d. b and c, A recent study of 600 teenage girls of varied socioeconomic and ethnic background reported: He continues to hold this belief even though he learned in school that native-born Americans are more likely to commit crime than immigrants. Our stereotypes and prejudices are learned through many different processes. a. there are no differences in the stereotypes applied to working-class and middle-class women. which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct? In support of this hypothesis, Steele and Aronsons research revealed that Black college students performed worse (in comparison with their prior test scores) on math questions taken from the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) when the test was described to them as being diagnostic of their mathematical ability (and thus when the stereotype was relevant) but that their performance was not influenced when the same questions were framed as an exercise in problem solving. And in another study, Steele and Aronson found that when Black students were asked to indicate their race before they took a math test (again activating the stereotype), they performed more poorly than they had on prior exams, whereas the scores of White students were not affected by first indicating their race. There was just as much categorization for those who were not given any instructions as for those who were told to remember who said what. Dwayne (C) Policy dividends are an intentional return of a portion of the premiums paid. As you can see in Table 12.1 Name Confusions, the mistakes were such that the statements that had actually been made by a man were more frequently wrongly attributed to another man in the group than to another woman, and the statements actually made by a woman were more frequently attributed to other women in the group than to a man. Manipulations that affirm positive characteristics about oneself or ones group are successful at reducing stereotype threat (Alter, Aronson, Darley, Rodriguez, & Ruble, 2010; Greenberg et al., 2003; McIntyre, Paulson, & Lord, 2003). Fyock, J., & Stangor, C. (1994). Competence. d. hostile; benevolent, ____ percent of men surveyed in 1977 felt women should tend to the children and home while Some popular music lyrics contain explicit sexual references which often are degrading to c. segregation. Definition and assessment of accuracy in social stereotypes. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. Johns, M., Schmader, T., & Martens, A. Social categorization occurs when we think of someone as a man (versus a woman), an old person (versus a young person), a Black person (versus an Asian or White person), and so on (Allport, 1954/1979). In Handbook of motivation and cognition: The interpersonal context (Vol. In other cases, stereotypes are maintained because information that confirms our stereotypes is better remembered than information that disconfirms them. d. Middle Easterners are nonwhite and North Africans are white. And John and Sarah may even change their opinions about each other, forgetting that they really like each other as individuals, because they are now responding more as group members with opposing views. b. discrimination. activities. And we behave toward women in ways that makes it more difficult for them to lead. b. a. the history of racial segregation And there is often good agreement about the stereotypes of social categories among the individuals within a given culture. 2 "I did a good job because the task was easy." c. White women under age 35 Terms in this set (62) . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39(5), 456467. D. Human behavior is not easily changed by the expectations of others. a. Stereotypes are frequently expressed on TV, in movies, and in chat rooms and blogs, and we learn a lot of our beliefs from these sources. 18 All surveys are administered before instructions for the investment game to minimize strategic responses by subjects. d. all of the above. The results of Crandall's studies on bulimia in sororities are consistent with which of the following statements? b. 3 We are more likely to attribute another's behavior to internal rather than to situational causes. This is an example of Question 1 1 out of 1 points Which of the following statements about social categorization is incorrect? A. permanent 1 A outgoing woman marries a reserved man. Claude Steele and Joshua Aronson (1995) tested the hypothesis that these differences might be due to the activation of negative stereotypes. Tetlock, P. E., & Mitchell, G. (2008). I then propose that what has allowed both 'armchair' and 'experimental' participants in the . Reggie goes to a private academy and plays on the varsity basketball team. d. displacement. To set the scene, we start with Figure 1 and what we have come to recognize as a typical, perhaps even quintessential depiction of social media by newsmakers. Which statement is most consistent with the textbook's conclusions about race? Annual non-discrimination testing is required for a plan that integrates with Social Security. d. Latin America or Asia. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 819833. a. Daniel Patrick Moynihan I can't believe that I missed it!" a. color blindness is a means of maintaining racial equality. Alex is standing in line at Wal-Mart waiting to pay for his purchases. 20 White men performed more poorly on a math test when they were told that their performance would be compared with that of Asian men (Aronson, Lustina, Good, Keough, & Steele, 1999), and Whites performed more poorly than Blacks on a sport-related task when it was described to them as measuring their natural athletic ability (Stone, 2002). d. discrimination, Who would MOST likely believe that strengthening the Black family is the solution to racial inequality? - Q/A (Question and Answer) Darren Farr Test Answer Answer: it occurs without conscious awareness Recource Chapter 12 Psychology Correction Unlock this answer Join StudyHippo to unlock Related questions Which of the following statements concerning stereotypes is not correct? On the way home, Reggie and his other teammates blame the loss solely on the player who missed the last minute shot. Escalation of conflict is the result of all of the following issues except __________. Given are five observations for two variables, x and y. xi12345yi3751114\begin{array}{r|rrrrr} d. Latin America. b. d. Neighborhood segregation remains especially high in metropolitan areas. 3 His remark is based on a stereotype. Parental and peer influences on childrens racial attitudes. d. Whites may often benefit from it without even realizing it. ability Ann Hopkins' case is an example of: Once the generator is connected, their stores have the power restored and the fish are saved. 18. What do social psychologists call the tendency to rely on internal characteristics for explanations of the behavior of others and to ignore the influence of the situation? b. He argues that if there is a womens studies program, then there should be a mens studies program too. d. 50. b. benevolent; hostile B. Generics express generalizations, but unlike quantified statements, generics do not carry information about how many members of the kind or category have the property. d. projecting. a. transference. What were the "black codes"? As of August 2011, the interest rate earned on oneyear U.S. Treasury bills was 0.11%0.11 \%0.11%. Using our stereotypes to size up another person might simply make our life easier (Macrae, Bodenhausen, Milne, & Jetten, 1994). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(2), 207218. c. teachers and fathers were a frequent source of discouraging remarks about girls' academic d. African Americans, Which of the following Hispanic groups is the largest? Prejudice: Its social psychology. And this social categorization might lead them to become more aware of the positive characteristics of their college (the excellent basketball team, lovely campus, and intelligent students) in comparison with the characteristics of the other school. And stereotypes become difficult to change because they are so important to usthey become an integral and important part of our everyday lives in our culture. Which statement is an accurate characterization of the concept of race? A man cuts in front of the line and drops his items on the counter. a. Lawrence Bobo b. African Americans a. intelligence (2007). Stereotyping others is simply unfair. c. ethnicity. Stereotype threat is created in situations that pose a significant threat to self-concern, such that our perceptions of ourselves as important, valuable, and capable individuals are threatened. a. 3 People who do it tend to be young and nave. Bias against people because of their disabilities is known as: Describe the fundamental process of social categorization and its influence on thoughts, feelings, and behavior. Black drivers are more than twice as likely as white drivers to be searched during a vehicle stop (even after controlling for variables such as the reason the car was stopped), but they are found in possession of contraband 26 percent less often than white drivers.